Imagine Kathmandu as a geographical mandala. The city, with its
streets and frenetic life and crazy drivers, is the centre. The Ring
Road is the circular boundary between this urban vortex and the green
girdle of hills that tower above the valley floor.
Beyond this rim is
the even more tranquil, almost paradisiacal realm of mountains and
villages, stone trails and moss-carpeted forests. This is how I, a
habitual walker and lover of the outdoors, visualise Kathmandu compared
to hiking destinations.
Needless to say, as someone who loves to hike and trek, the
destinations at the top of my priority list are places as far away from
the city as possible.
Sadly, like many city dwellers, there is more wishing in my life than
hiking. Living in Kathmandu often turns into an inability to leave
Kathmandu. There is work. Or opportunities: an offer is tabled that is
too good to pass on. Friends come into the equation: there is always
someone who can’t make it this weekend, this time, so the trip is
postponed. And, above all, there is the procrastinator in us who tells
us that the hike can be done another time. Before you know it you have
forgotten about it altogether.
I have postponed more hikes and treks than I have been on. I still
have a long list of treks in Nepal I want to do. It’s clichéd but it’s
also true: if you want to go, just leave. It’s that simple. However, if
you go on one short hike, the chances are you will go on another. After
all, you don’t find hikers passionately discussing plans for that epic
trip in coffee shops or next to water coolers. True hikers hit the
trails, irrespective of the time of year, whether their friends can come
or not.
Distance and duration – often the reasons for travelling, for leaving
home – can also be deterrents. You want to go on a trek to, say,
Langtang, but it’s too far. It will take too long. You don’t have the
time. But Kathmanduites needn’t be bogged down by these factors. There
are plenty of hikes around the Valley that, though they are no Langtang
or Annapurna trek, offer enough of quiet, solitude, wilderness and
wildlife to make you hit the trail instead of a Saturday morning movie.
Here are some of the best hikes – short and long, easy and exacting –
that Kathmanduites can do on weekends, on a shoestring.
1.
Sundarijal to Chisapani
Kapil Bisht
The buffet for the senses begins within minutes of taking to the
trail on this hike. You go up a narrow alley, a simple path around the
corner of a building, from Sundarijal’s small bazaar and come out into
the countryside. You climb past houses with pumpkins drying on window
sills, pomelo and orange trees in the garden, and cows in sheds. Running
parallel to the trail is a huge rusty pipe that carries water down from
the reservoir high in the forest. In the ravine below is the Bagmati,
flowing merrily, boisterous, clean.
You ascend, your calves object. Just then you hear a crashing sound
of water, growing louder with each laborious couple of feet. Soon the
source comes into view: a waterfall, plummeting from the dense forest.
Water starts, their tails flitting like butterflies, hop from rock to
rock.
The climb continues after the waterfall for another hour before you
find yourself in terraced fields. This is Mulkharka. There isn’t another
village between Mulkharka and Chisapani, so it’s best to buy snacks and
refill your water bottles here.
Climbing up from Mulkharka, you enter another forest. The rest of the
walk to Chisapani is through dappled forests. It can be a bit
frustrating because the trees block views of the mountains. But when you
finally get your first glimpse of the mountains towering above
Chisapani, not seeing them all day enhances their beauty. There is
hardly a better way to end a day than watching the day’s last light
drain away, turning the peaks golden one moment, roseate another. Duration: 7-8 hours, including stops for snacks and rests Grade: Moderate. The uphill section is from Sundarijal to Mulkharka. Level trail after that. Directions: Head up the stone trail from
Sundarijal toward the reservoir. From Mulkharka, take the trail going
northeast (left). Ask locals if you are confused. Highlights: Waterfall, scenic villages, mountain views Budget: 2,000 rupees
2.
Taudaha to Champa Devi
Kapil Bisht
This hike is ideal for anyone who prefers solitude above all else.
Not to say that is its only attraction. If you go in winter, you can
begin by spending some time watching the numerous species of migratory
birds wintering in Taudaha. The hike begins on the paved road that winds
up from Chalnakhel. It’s a steep climb for the first half an hour. The
road ends near a monastery damaged in the 2015 earthquake and now under
construction, and a trail weaves through a small village of ochre
houses. Walking past the houses, the trail climbs again, this time into
the dense forest. This is the lonely stretch of the hike, your only
company likely to be kalij pheasants foraging the leafy floor.
An hour of steady climbing will bring you to a saddle on the hill.
The summit of Champa Devi Hill – and the shrine dedicated to the
eponymous goddess – is a further thirty-minute climb west, reachable on
flagstone stairs. A similarly paved trail goes to the east, winding down
to Hattiban Resort and, further down, to the main Kathmandu-Pharping
road.
On clear days, the view to the north is an unbroken chain of majestic
peaks; the south is row after row of hills, floating above the haze.
There is nothing spectacular about the Champa Devi shrine. It’s a small
space with a couple of statues smeared with vermilion. But it’s awesome
in its isolation, a place of power that does not invite devotees with
its appearance or size but rather draws only those who seek out such
places, those who are willing to punish their calves for an hour or two
of solitude and a walk in the woods. Duration: 3-4 hours Grade: This is not a long hike; but it is exacting, mainly because it is uphill from start to finish. Directions: Walk south on the
Kathmandu-Pharping road after Taudaha. After four hundred metres, you
will see a stream flowing across the road. A hundred metres down the
road from this point, turn right on the road that goes uphill. This road
goes to a monastery. A trail branches off from the road just below the
monastery. Follow this all the way up to Champa Devi. Highlights: Mountain views and a walk through dense forests Budget: 500 rupees. There are no places after Taudaha to buy a meal or snacks, so carry your own food and water. Alternative: You can catch a bus to get to
or drive up to Himalayan Height Resort. You can also continue on the
road to Dollu, from where you need to get to Samye Monastery. There are
trails from both these places via the south face of the hill to the
Champa Devi shrine. These routes will save you time and offer easier
hikes than the north face route. Conversely, you can opt to descend via
the south face.
3.
Pani Muhan to Kakani via Shivapuri National Park
Kapil Bisht
For your calves, this hike is the stuff of nightmares. For the
outdoors person in you, this is a long, sweet dream. The immersion in
wilderness begins within moments of passing through the gate of
Shivapuri National Park at Pani Muhan. Bird songs waft down from the
canopy overheard. It takes a hundred metres and a bend on the trail to
leave human habitation behind and be in the midst of a pristine forest.
There is a choice of going up to Shivapuri Peak via the Nagi Gompa or
taking the stone stairs that branches off from the road a kilometre
before the gompa. The latter, because it bypasses the monastery, goes
through even denser forest. You labour up through a green tunnel. There
are some trees on this stretch that are big enough to stop you on your
track. It’s something of a wonder to find a living giant so close to
Kathmandu, where every tree seems to be on death row. Persevering up
this incline brings you to a small clearing in the forest. Tips of
mountains are visible above the trees, titillating, promising stunning
views from higher up.
The trail from Bagdwar, the source of the Bagmati River, to the
summit is a relentless assault on your legs. In return, you get a
180-degree view of mountains and a smoky ocean with blue hills hovering
over it. It’s a plunge downhill after the peak, through an area even
denser than the south face of Shivapuri. It’s also lonelier.
Occasionally, you will pass a villager headed for Kathmandu. At the foot
of the hill the trail meets a gravelled road. There begins what seems
an eternal walk to Gurjubhanjhyang. For a couple of minutes, you see
vehicles. Your tickets are checked and you continue onward to Kakani,
another long walk in the wilderness. Duration: 10-11 hours Grade: Challenging, suitable for only
people used to for long walks. Involves steep climbs and long descents.
The total distance covered on this route is nearly 35 kilometres. Directions: Start at Pani Muhan, north of
Budhanilakantha. A kilometre or so before the Nagi Gompa you will see a
signboard that says ‘HELIPAD.’ Take that trail (stone steps). Follow the
trail all the way to Shivapuri Peak. After descending from the peak
(also stone steps) you need to turn right (north) at the first fork on
the trail. This begins a long downhill section, which culminates in a
motorable gravelled road. Turn left and head west. It’s a long walk, but
you will eventually get to Gurjubhanjhyang, where there will be
soldiers to tell you directions to Kakani, which is some eight
kilometres away. Highlights: Old-growth forests, bird watching, possible animal sightings, hours without sight of vehicles or human settlements Budget: 2,000 rupees. Park entrance fee: 57 (Nepalis); 560 (foreigners)
No shops between Pani Muhan and Kakani. Carry lots of snacks and plenty of water. Alternative: A watered-down version of this hike would be to walk up from Pani Muhan to Shivapuri Peak and back.
4.
Godavari to Phoolchoki
Phoolchoki, the highest of the hills surrounding the Kathmandu
Valley, remains one of the most enticing hiking destinations around
Kathmandu. It has a kind of pull about it: looming in the distance, a
needle rising from its peak, it seems like an emblem of adventure, a
call to stand on its summit.
Going up Phoolchoki, however, is no mountaineering feat; a gravelled
road winds up from Godavari to its peak. A trail also goes up from the
same place. The hike begins right at the foot of the mountain, so the
walk for the first hour or so is on a steep trail. For religious folks,
there is an opportunity to seek the blessings of Phoolchoki Mata at the
small temple next to Navadhara, nine waterspouts. Culture buffs, too,
will enjoy the conduits and temple.
Phoolchoki has some of the best-preserved forests of the hills around
Kathmandu. Birdwatchers can look forward to spotting several species in
a day’s hike. With luck, there will be glimpses of deer, wild boars,
perhaps even a leopard. Even when the birds are out of sight, they make
their presence felt with sweet songs or the spooky sounds of rustling
leaves as they forage.
The ‘summit’ is a place of big rocks, a shrine, a stupa and an
antenna. But eyes are likely to be looking further away, left to right,
at a mountain panorama that includes Annapurna, Manaslu, Ganesh Himal,
Langtang and Gauri Shankar. And looking down through rents in the smoggy
veil hanging over the Valley, you can see Kathmandu and get a true
scale of the place, the ancient lake it once was, and feel the pangs of
loss of what must have been a place of unsurpassable beauty. Duration: 4-5 hours Grade: The first half of the hike is very demanding. It is a relentless climb. Directions: Take the paved road opposite
the Godavari Bus Park. It runs parallel to St. Xavier’s School’s western
wall. After the ticket issuance office, head straight if you’re on a
vehicle. Go left towards Navadhara, then climb the trail that skirts the
temple’s compound. Follow the trail up until it merges with the road
(by then a gravelled one). Signboards warning hikers to stick to the
trail and not to take shortcuts abound. The reason for this is that
there are many trails created by woodcutters that lead deep into the
forest. So once you’ve found the road, stick to it. Highlights: Excellent birding, wildlife, sweeping views of mountains and Kathmandu Valley Budget: 500 rupees. Entrance fee: 10 (Nepalis); 100 (foreigners). Carry your own food and water.
5.
Godavari to Panauti via Phoolchoki
Wikimedia
What was Kathmandu like before it became a bed of concrete houses?
This is one thought that might cross your mind when you gaze down from
Phoolchoki. Luckily, bits of the Kathmandu of a bygone era survive in
Panauti. You can experience traditional Newar architecture in this
medieval town by extending your Phoolchoki hike. Head down (east) on the
flight of flagstone steps that forks off from the road a little below
Phoolchoki peak. There is a worn out signboard nailed to a corrugated
tin-roofed shelter that points the way.
This is a long walk, weaving through forests, climbing up hills and
passing by hamlets. The length of the hike is matched by the historical
and cultural gems in Panauti such as the Indreshwor Mahadev Temple, a
three-storied hulking testament to the artistry of the Newars and their
ability to preserve traditions that go back centuries. Duration: 4-5 hours Grade: It is a descent all the way from
Phoolchoki to Panauti. Although you will be walking downhill or on flat
stretches for most of the way it is nonetheless quite a long walk. Not
recommended if you go on hikes once in a bluemoon or if medieval era
architecture sounds Greek to you. Directions: Follow the stone stairs and you
will be fine. The trail will pass through villages in a couple of
places. Take this opportunity to confirm you are on the right path and
to ask directions for the next stretch. Ask locals for the trail to
Chalisé, from where it’s a paved road all the way to Panauti Bus Park. Highlights: Trail alternates between dense
forests and hillocks with lovely views of hills, terraced fields and
quaint villages; mountain views; in winter, villages with trees laden
with oranges; old Newar houses, ancient temples and a sacred ghat where three rivers merge. Budget: 1,000 rupees Alternative: Instead of returning
directly from Panauti to Kathmandu there is the option to do an easy
hike east to Namo Buddha. The walk takes between two and three hours,
the last half hour of which is an uphill climb. Other than that it’s a
stroll through an idyllic scene of farmers tending their immaculately
raked fields. Add to that the chance to visit a sacred Buddhist
pilgrimage site. Worth a visit even if you have no interest in religion
or spirituality. The calm and silence and scenic beauty are reason
enough to visit. Directions: Cross the bridge across the road from
Panauti Bus Park. Two hundred metres along this road (east) turn right
to go to the Indreshwor Mahadev Temple; head straight if you wish to
proceed to Namo Buddha.
160cc Bikes in Nepal,1,2021 price of honda,1,2078-79,1,3rd_sem,3,5G,3,5G Mobile,1,6G Speed,1,accident,2,actresses,1,Addiction,1,AdSense,2,ADVERTISEMENT,1,Allu Arjun,1,Amazon,2,Amazon Gift,1,American idol,3,Android,27,Android 12,3,Android Development,3,android pattern forget,1,android Tricks,43,Apple iPhone 13,2,Apple WWDC,1,Apply Dollar Card,1,apps,2,article,25,AutoMobile,1,Bajaj Pulsar 125,1,Bajaj Pulsar Price,2,Balance transfer in NTC,1,Balen,1,Balen shah,1,Battle Ground Mobile India,1,Battlegrounds Mobile India,1,Benelli,1,Benelli 180S,1,Benelli 180S Price,1,best,1,best bikes in nepal,8,best Internet Service in Nepal,1,Best IT college,1,Best IT Company,1,BEST LOW HEIGHT BIKE,2,best Sekuwa In Kathmandu,1,Best Web Series,1,Bike,2,Bike licence,1,Bike price,2,Bike price In Nepal,7,Bike/Scooters Tax rate,1,Bikes for long road trips,1,Bikes price,9,Bikes Under 3 Lakhs,1,bill,1,billionaire Nepali,1,Binod chaudhary,1,birth-death registration,1,Block YouTube Ads,1,Blog,1,Blogger,3,blogging,161,blogspot.in,1,blue book,1,Bluebook,1,Bluebook in Nepal,1,Bollywood,2,boycutt,1,browsing,2,Budget-Friendly Motorcycles Under 300K,1,Business,6,celebrity gossip,14,CG Net,2,Change Mero Share Password,1,Change ownership of sim card,2,Chaudhary group,1,Cheap NTC data pack,2,check,1,Check sim card Name,2,Checker,1,China,2,Chinese Sun,1,Citizen App,1,ClubHouse,1,Common Motorcycle Problems,1,Connect X app,1,Content,1,Corona,24,Covid-19 Vaccine,1,crickter,1,CUG PACKAGE,1,Cyber attack,1,Dangerous,1,Daraz,2,Dashain,1,Data,2,dating place in Kathmandu,2,Dating spot,1,Demat,1,Demat Renew,1,Dhanus,1,Digital Swasthani,1,DishHome,2,domain register,7,Donald Trump,1,DOWNLOAD FAU-G,1,download Windows 11,1,Driving License,1,Driving license in Nepal,1,Driving license Online Application,1,Driving license registration,2,Driving license renewal,1,DRS,1,dynamite,1,e passport Nepal,1,e-Passport,2,E-sim,1,E-Sim in Nepal,1,Earbuds,1,Earn Money in Tiktok,1,Earning,1,economic,2,Educational,15,Email,2,Embossed Number Plates,1,eSewa,1,Eucation,6,F1 Soft,1,facebook,2,Facebook and YouTube Pack,1,Facebook end-to-end,1,facebook free wifi Near You,3,Facebook Instant Article,1,Facebook new rule,1,Facebook Video Download,1,Facebook video downloader,1,Fascino Scooter price,1,FAU G APK,1,Flybuds,1,Fone Loan,1,Fone-Pay,1,Food,1,foodmandu,2,Forget mobile pattern,1,Free Fire,1,Full course,1,Futsal,1,FZX 150,1,Game,16,GETTR,1,Gmail storage Full,1,Golden Hotel,1,Google,4,Google AdSense,1,Google Ban,2,Gyanendra shah,1,Gyapu,1,Hacked,2,Hackers,1,Hacking,2,HamroBazar,2,Hanta_Virus,1,Harmony Os,1,HarmonyOS,1,health,7,Hidden Code,1,Highest Grossing Movies,1,Hiking,1,History,2,History of Nepal Telecom,1,Honda Bike price in Nepal,1,honda bikes,4,Honda CB350,1,Honda Hness CB350,1,Honda Hornet 2.0,1,Honda Scooter price,1,Honda vs Yamaha,1,Hornet 2.0,1,how to lock facebook profile,1,How to Reactivate Suspended Adsense Account?,1,How to take NTC Data Pack,2,HSEB,2,Icloud,1,IMEI Register,1,Indian Web Series,1,International Payment,1,INTERNET,19,IOS 15 Update,1,Iphone,23,Iphone 12,3,iPhone 13 Price in Nepal,1,Iphone 6s,1,Iphone price,1,ipl2018,2,IPO Result Check,1,IPO RESULT VIEW,1,ISP of Nepal,1,JMC,5,Jyothika,1,Kamal Dhital,1,Kantipur,3,Kantipur Daily,1,Kapil Sharma,1,KGF 2,1,KGF Chapter 2,1,King,1,korean pop,1,KP Oli,1,KTM Bike,1,La Liga,1,Landline,1,Large File,1,leaked,1,library,1,license,1,Literature,7,Locked your facebook profile,1,Lost,1,M.A,1,Mahesh babu,1,Mayor of Kathmandu,1,Media-democratic_process Unit 1st,2,Mero share,4,Mero share Renew,1,Metro Tarkari,1,Mi,1,Mia Khalifa,1,Micro SD,1,Mobile,19,Mobile Apps,1,Mobile Development In Nepal,1,Mobile History Of Nepal,1,Mobile launch,1,Mobile News,15,Mobile Pin forget,1,Mobile price,4,Mobile price in nepal,3,Mobile Secret,1,MOMO,1,Money,2,Money Talk,7,Most Followed TikTok Accounts in Nepal,1,Motorola,2,Motorola Defy,1,Movie,3,Movie review,61,Movies,20,Mt. Everest height is 8848.86,1,Munchha,2,Must watch Movies,1,myarticle,29,Mysteries,1,Nagarik App,2,Nagarik app Hotline,1,Nagarjuna,1,Namaste Credit,1,NASA,1,National Crush Of India,1,National Identity Card,2,National Payment Gateway,3,ncell,9,Ncell Sapati,1,Ncell Tricks,12,Ncell Website,1,Nepal,4,Nepal debt,1,Nepal Driving license,1,Nepal Government Apps,1,Nepal Idol,5,Nepal stock Market,1,Nepal telecom,13,Nepal Telecom CUG,1,Nepal Telecom Offer,4,Nepal Telecom VoLTE,1,Nepal traffic,1,Nepal's Hydropower Projects,1,Nepali Tiktokers,1,Nepali top 10 apps,1,Nepali top blog,1,Nepalnews,6,NepalPolitics,1,Nepbay,2,Netflix,3,Netflix in Game,1,NetTV,1,New Bike,48,New Movie,27,new offers,1,New rule for bikes and scooters,1,News,17,Nic asia Bank,1,NPG,1,Ntc,10,NTC Data Pack,2,NTC Facebook and YouTube Package,1,ntc tricks,21,NTC VOLTEE,1,NTR,1,Online,5,Online Account open,1,Online BlueBook Renew,2,Online payment card,1,Online shopping,2,Online vehicle tax in Nepal,2,oppo Phone price in Nepal,3,OWner,1,oximeter,1,Pad 5,1,Paras Shah,1,Paras Shah bike,1,pashupati,1,Payment,1,pc trick,27,Phone-pay,1,Photography,1,Plane,1,playstation 4,1,PMPL,1,POCO M3,1,Police Clearance certificate,1,politics,19,Price,1,Price in Nepal,1,Protect Facebook profile,1,PUBG,5,PUBG and Free Fire,1,PUBG In India,1,PUBG Mobile,1,PUBG NEW STATE,1,PUBG News,1,Pulsar,3,Pulsar 220 price,1,Pulse oximeter,1,QR code,1,Quad Bike Ride,1,Radhe Radhe,1,Radhe Your most wanted Bhai,1,Ram charan,1,Rashmika Mandanna,1,Ravi Teja,1,Real Madrid,1,Real-life Couples Of South Indian,1,RealMe,1,RealMe 8,1,recover,2,Redmi,1,Renew work Permit,2,report,1,richest Bollywood,1,Royal Enfield,2,Royal Enfield Meteor 350,1,Safe,1,Salman Khan,2,Samantha,1,Samantha Akkineni,1,Samantha Tattoo,1,Sandeep Maheshwari,1,sandip Lamichhane,3,Sasto Deal,2,Scooter,1,search,1,Security code of Nepal Telecom,1,Seized license,1,Selling share,1,Sender,1,SEO,1,service provider,1,sex tips,1,share Market,3,shesh ghale,1,shop,2,Short Video Downloader,1,shutdown,1,Simcard,3,Sky,1,smart,2,Smart Telecom,1,SmartBand,2,Smartphone,7,SOCIAL MEDIA,12,Social Viral,18,sony,1,South Indian Highest paid,1,South Indian Movie,3,Sports,15,sports shop,4,stolen,1,streaming,1,Subscribe Roaming,1,Sunil Grover,1,Surya,1,Sushant Singh,3,Sushant Singh Rajput Case,1,Suspense Thriller Movies,1,Swasthani Brata Katha,1,Swimming Pool,1,Take Loan on Ncell,1,Take Loan on Ntc,1,Take loan on Smart,1,Tax,1,Technology,42,techonology,49,Telecom,39,The Kapil Sharma Show,1,Thearticle,9,Thriller Movie,1,Tihar,1,TIKTOK,4,TikTok Verification,3,Tips,84,Top 10 Internet service,1,top 5 video editors,1,Top Nepali,2,Top Popular Nepali apps,1,Top school of Nepal,1,Top website of 2021,1,Torrent,1,Torrent sites,1,Traffic Fines,1,Traffice,2,trend,1,Tribhuvan University Library,1,trips in Nepal,1,TU,1,TU Central Library,1,Tutorial,1,TVS,1,TVS NTORQ 125,1,TVS RTR 200 4V,1,TVS RTR 200 4V BS6,1,Twitter account Verifications,2,Twitter controversy,1,Twitter Super Follow,2,Twitter Verification,2,Twitter vs Modi,1,Ug cakes,1,Umang,1,Unlock SD Card,1,Unsolved,1,Upcoming IPO,1,Update,1,Useful short code of ntc,1,Valentine's,2,Vehicles Tax pay,1,video,2,Video Editors,1,Vijay,1,visit nepal,12,Vitnam,1,Vivo,2,Vivo price,1,washable smartphone,1,Website,1,WebsiteReview,1,Why Google Suspends an AdSense Account?,1,Wi-fi,1,wifi,5,wifi password,1,WiFi Password through QR Code,1,Windows 11,1,Wireless,1,Xiaomi,2,yamaha,2,Yamaha Fascino 125,1,yamaha Fz x,1,Yamaha FZ-X 150cc,1,Yamaha FZS V3,1,YouTube,1,YouTube Ads Blocker,1,Youtube earn,1,youtube record,1,Youtube Short Video,1,YouTube Super Thanks,1,Youtube Tricks,11,
ltr
item
Kamall Dhital’s Blog: Learning and Sharing for a Brighter Tomorrow.: Top 5 Hiking Routes In kathmandu
Loaded All PostsNot found any postsVIEW ALLRead MoreReplyCancel replyDeleteByHomePAGESPOSTSView AllRECOMMENDED FOR YOULABELARCHIVESEARCHALL POSTSNot found any post match with your requestBack HomeSundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySunMonTueWedThuFriSatJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecjust now1 minute ago$$1$$ minutes ago1 hour ago$$1$$ hours agoYesterday$$1$$ days ago$$1$$ weeks agomore than 5 weeks agoFollowersFollowTHIS PREMIUM CONTENT IS LOCKEDSTEP 1: Share to a social networkSTEP 2: Click the link on your social networkCopy All CodeSelect All CodeAll codes were copied to your clipboardCan not copy the codes / texts, please press [CTRL]+[C] (or CMD+C with Mac) to copyTable of Content
COMMENTS